English Grammar, Substance Writing with examples.

                     Substance- Writing

Defination- The dictionary meaning of the word 'substance' is the essence of the most important part of anything. 

A passage may contain both important and unimportant things. The main idea become clear when the passage is read carefully and comprehended perfectly. Writing the main idea or ideas of a passage is called substance writing.

                  How to write substance 

1. Try to understand the passage. When the main idea is understood the other relevant ideas will come easily. 

2. There may be a few hard or unknown words or phrases in the passage. You need not be disheartened about them, because if you read the passage time and again the idea would become clear and the passage may not be that hard.

3. Unnecessary things should be dropped and anything new should never be written.

4. Write the substance of the passage in your own language as far as possible. 

5. Unless it is there in the passage, never use pronouns of first person. 

(I, We etc). Always use pronouns of third person.

6. Do not use vocative case, interrogative sentences or direct speech.

7. Use thr forms of verb carefully.

8. Write in simple and correct english. Avoid spelling mistakes and grammatical errors.

9. You should answer in such a manner that it appears to be your own composition.

                  Length of the Substance 

There are no fixed rules about thr length of the substance unless otherwise specified in the question. Generally in descriptive and narrative passsages, the substance should be one-third of the passage. But in reflective passages the substance may be half or even more than that.

                    Kinds of Passage.

Passsages may be of three kinds: descriptive, narrative and reflective. The descriptive or narrative passsages are understood easily. But reflective passages are little harder. The main idea is generally found in the first sentence. Sometime the main idea may be in the middle or the end. Therefore the passage should be read again and again. 

                    Descriptive Passage 

1. Nearly everywhere in Greece there are very old ruined buildings and buried cities. Some of the ancient cities have been dug. Not much of them is left except broken walls and heaps of stone. Sometimes jewels and coins are found where people were buried thousands of years ago and all such things are put in a museum. 

   Substance- Almost everywhere in Greece there are ruined building and buried cities. Some of the ruins have been dug out. Old coins, jewels and antiquities have been put in the museum.

                   Narrative Passage 

2. Two women were quarrelling about a child but had no witness. Both of them went before the King and prayed for justice. The King ordered his men, "Cut the child into two parts and give one part to each of the women." One of the woman when heard the order, remained silent, but the other began to weep and wail, saying "for God's sake do not cut my child." 

 The wise king then knew the truth that this very woman wad the mother of the child. He delivered the child to het and having punished the other woman, sent her away. 

Substance- Two women quarrelling about a child went to the king for justice. The King ordered his men to cut the child into two equal halves and to give a part to each of the women. One of them remained silent. The other cried aloud and prayed to thr king not to cut the child. The wise king at once knew that she was the real mother. He gave her the child and punished the other woman. 

                        Reflective Passage 

3. Health is the most valuable of all earthly possessions. Without it all thr rest are worth nothing. To enjoy good health we should refrain from excess in eating. When you sit among many for a dinner, do not reach your hand out first of all. A little food is sufficient for us. Sound sleep comes of a light stomach. Such a man rises early in the morning and is at ease with himself. 

Substance- Health is thr most valuable wealth. In order to enjoy it, we myst refrain from over - eating. Moderate meals can keep us healthy. It produces sound sleep and enables us to work with vigour.